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打造“中国模式”品牌 党报官媒齐造势 民间反应冷淡

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发表于 2014-6-11 08:59:18 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
本帖最后由 rave 于 2014-6-11 14:05 编辑

多维

  连日来在中央电视台滚动播出的电视纪录片《百年潮·中国梦》,在助力中国模式方面不再是孤军奋战,因为党报官媒也嗅出了模式论背后的政治味道,纷纷开始将目光聚拢过来,其中尤以《人民日报》及其子报《环球时报》最为突出。

  不消说,早在2013年,作为核心党报的《人民日报》就主动担当起了打破西方普世价值霸权的重担。彼时,中国模式乃是销声整四年后首次卷土重来,故而虽则标杆性意义甚浓,但党报官媒还需要时间把脉当局意愿进而消化一番,论调还主要以“破”为主——当西方文明的火炬传到美国,更是将这种普世霸权发挥到极致,美国所代表的西方,以国际社会的名义,垄断了发展模式的话语权,变成美式自由资本主义乃“历史的终结”。待到今时今日,该报的论调更为强硬,“立”的姿态和主动性毕现。如果说刊发于人民论坛栏目的《警惕西式民主陷阱》是前奏和铺垫,那么见诸人民日报海外版望海楼的《中国民主模式初步成形》,则几乎可以看做是对中国模式的间接定调。

  一说“警惕”,一说“初步成形”,从标题传递出的核心字眼也基本可以推测正文的论调和内容。具体而言,前文从乌克兰危局以及泰国政坛扑朔迷离之状说开去,并结合前苏联领导人雷日科夫在《大国悲剧》一书中对西式民主之陷阱的揭露——“人们终于明白,原来第一拨民主派厚颜无耻地欺骗了他们。那些家伙曾许诺很快就会过上天堂般的日子,而那些玫瑰色的甜言蜜语犹如朝雾般消散。”前车之鉴,中国至少从中得到三个方面的启示:照搬“西式民主”极可能陷入灾难;“街头政治”往往导致内乱甚至内战;“选举政治”极可能成为政客操控的游戏。

  虽然此文通篇未提“中国模式”,但却无时无刻不在为此夯实基础。至于未能挑明的部分,则交由海外版完成。出自新加坡国立大学教授郑永年之手的《中国民主模式初步成形》,对中国模式的据理推崇,对西方民主自身缺陷的撕裂,不可谓不直接和透彻,谋篇布局也很好地契合了当局之所思所想。“中国必须发展和建设自己的模式,而不是简单地像很多发展中国家那样,去照抄照搬西方民主模式。中国必须给自己一个机会,同时也给其他国家一个不一样的选择。中国模式并非要取代‘西方模式’,而只是意味着可以成为西方之外的另外一种选择。”

  至于为何断言中国模式已经初步成形,郑永年也给出了自己的答案:“如果说西方多党制是外部多元主义,中国开放的一党制便是内部多元主义。”而内部多元主义,就是要实现政治、经济(资本)和社会权力之间的均衡,从而使得这三方面的权力能够实现可持续的发展。西方民主目前所面临的问题,就是三者之间的结构性失衡。

  鞋子合不合适,舒服与否,只有脚知道。习近平上台至今,已经在不同场合多次为中国模式注入“兴奋剂”。第一次,是在访俄时提出的“鞋子论”,亦即“鞋子合不合脚自己穿着才知道”;第二次,是在4月访问比利时期间的“道路经验论”,亦即“中国不能照搬别国的政治制度和发展模式,否则的话不仅会水土不服,而且会带来灾难性后果”;第三次,是在中阿合作论坛上的“适足论”,亦即“履不必同,期于适足;治不必同,期于利民”。被西方媒体冠之以“最具野心中国领导人”称谓的习近平,在中国未来向何处的问题上,看上去始终信心满满。

  与《人民日报》形成呼应之势的《环球时报》,也在不遗余力借第三方之口为中国模式最终的成型贡献着笔墨和版面。6月11日见诸报端的评论文章《比较中西制度,方知中国道路魅力》,与习近平之“鞋子论”、“道路经验论”、“适足论”有异曲同工之妙。比较过后,得出的结论回到了对话的圆桌上来,算是皆大欢喜。毕竟比较只是手段,最终的目的在于推动两种模式进行有效的对话。惟其如此,才能使国际社会对中国模式的关切得到积极回应,使中国模式获得更加广泛的理解和认同,才能通过西方模式这一参照系取长补短、去粗取精、去伪存真。

  比较中西制度,在学界早已是不再是新鲜的话题。同样地,中国模式论优劣良莠,向来也是各路学者斗嘴争辩的大议题。相对有影响力的比较,分别来自于弗兰西斯·福山和专栏作家弗里德曼。前者认为,“中国模式有一些重要优势,是西方民主制度不具备的;过去十年中,中国人民享有较大的思想和言论自由,政府治理方式不断改进,纠错机制发挥了明显作用。”后者则认识到,“制度优势可以使得中国迅速凝聚力量解决议题,而这些议题在西方国家的讨论和执行,要花几年甚至几十年。”

  要知道,早在2011年9月,福山在题为《中国模式:高增长与双刃的威权主义》一文中就直言不讳地点评过中国模式的优劣——优点就是能够迅速地决定大规模的经济政策并果断地加以实施,但并不能因此就简单地认为中国模式的优越性。政治制度不能只看短期的业绩,而要从长期来看是否真的能够经受住考验。当然,福山最为引人关注的论调当属“历史终结论”,亦即“共产主义失败论”。在他看来,苏联解体、东欧剧变、冷战的结束,标志着共产主义的终结,历史的发展只有一条路,也就是西方的市场经济和民主政治。人类社会的发展史,就是一部“以自由民主制度为方向的人类普遍史”。自由民主制度是“人类意识形态发展的终点”和“人类最后一种统治形式”。但福山就近一次见诸《美国利益双周刊》的发声,却一反常态抛出了美国政治制度衰败论,略显痛心疾首的质疑可谓掷地有声:美国是否已经由一个民主政体变成了一个“否决政体”,从一种旨在防止当政者集中过多权力的制度,变成了一个谁都无法集中足够权力作出重要决定的制度?福山之“否决体制”必然导致的效率低下,与弗里德曼对中国模式“迅速凝聚力量解决议题”的褒扬不谋而合。

  中国的执政者以及官方媒体对中国模式充满野心,为助推其成形的动作亦是连连,但民间舆论场不屑一顾的“唱衰”从未扬汤止沸。此前,当上海复旦大学成立首家“中国发展模式研究中心”时,北京大学教授张维迎就迎头赶上,为火热的中国模式降温,并直言“中国模式论”是一个非常错误的理念。理由包括:一些人以为我们过去35年走过了西方两百年的道路在于我们的模式好,我们不仅要坚持,外国人也要向我们学。事实上,我们35年的高速发展是因为后发优势,我们其实是一种寄生经济,别人在修路,我们在走路,我们走得快是自然的,并不证明我们比别人伟大,也不证明我们的体制优越。自由体制创造的很多技术和管理方法可以被非自由体制所使用,非自由体制在某个阶段可以有很好的经济增长,但不要以为没有自由仍然可以持续发展,因为我们现在的经济是建立在别人自由的基础上,看看现在所有的技术成就,我们中国人在用电脑、手机,在开汽车,在上网络,但这些都是自由体制下创造的,不是非自由体制创造的。抄别人的作业得高分,并不证明自己聪明。

  现如今,张维迎这一论调在民间层面依然具有肥沃的土壤。微博认证名为“文史女教师”的海南师范大学教师总结出的“最成功的中国模式”——父官子商,就是对此模式最直接的揶揄,并获得了诸多意见领袖点赞和转发。地产大佬任志强意图撕开自以为的中国模式假面,因为官方话语口径中的“中国模式”、“独特性”都将是把中国与世界割裂开来的墙。概而言之,关于中国模式优劣的辨论大致分为四类论调——其一是因意识形态原因而一味看空中国;其二是因不了解、不生活在中国感受不到问题而盲目赞扬中国;其三是为熘须拍马而刻意美化中国模式;其四是因对“政府自我改革”缺乏信心而极度悲观;最后是抱侥幸心理“观其行”。在右派身上,降温不等同于看空,更不属于“不了解、不生活在中国”,甚或是缺乏信心而极度悲观,可能只是为避免中国再次陷入“走得太快,忘记了当初为什么出发”的泥沼中不能自拔。

  至于阿富汗总统卡尔扎伊对中国模式的疯狂追逐,“如果阿富汗有机会重新选择的话,一定会走中国式的发展道路。因为它行动高效,决策果断,以结果为导向,是一个很好的模式,为所有人带来积极的结果。”虽然听众并不知晓卡尔扎伊此言是否为熘须拍马而刻意美化中国模式,但至少从侧面证明了美国白宫一手扶持的“民主政体”已经在阿富汗彻底破产。此一局,中国模式坐稳了最大赢家的交椅。后续地,中国模式能否实现真正意义上的卷土重来,还得看充满野心的习近平如何作为。
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沙发
发表于 2014-6-11 09:49:21 | 只看该作者
王婆卖瓜。好的东西经得起历史考验。到底是资本主义日落西山,还是共产主义日落西山。历史已作出了结论。
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板凳
发表于 2014-6-11 14:11:43 | 只看该作者
本帖最后由 dove 于 2014-6-11 14:32 编辑

>  至于阿富汗总统卡尔扎伊对中国模式的疯狂追逐,“如果阿富汗有机会重新选择的话,一定会走中国
>式的发展道路。因为它行动高效,决策果断,以结果为导向,是一个很好的模式,为所有人带来积极的结
>果。”...

最后一段太不靠谱。卡尔扎伊的原话到底是啥样的?有没有被中国官媒刻意加工过?

中国式的发展道路怎么个走法?成立阿富汗共产党武装夺取政权,然后搞改革开放?从前苏联不是已经在阿富汗建立过共产党政权了吗?下场如何大家都是知道的。

阿富汗如果非要搞独裁不可的话,台湾,南韩模式,或者君主立宪恐怕更靠谱些。

上阿富汗政府网站找了下,没有发现相关的谈话。只有一个新华社记者的采访,全文如下:


Full Transcript of President Karzai’s Interview with Xinhua News Agency

26 March, 2014

Xinhua Correspondent:

Mr. President, first I thank you so much for receiving our interview, I know you are very busy and we highly appreciate this opportunity, as you know, you will attend the conference on interactions and confidence building measures in Asia this May in China, do you have any expectation about the conference?

President Karzai:

Well, the title of the conference shows that we, in this part of the world, in particular, need a lot more interactions and coordination of policies and approaches to the common interest of this region, therefore, a get-together of this nature and in a country as important as China for the world and for this region is significant and of value.

Correspondent:

And we know that under your presidency, the bilateral relationship between Afghanistan and China has experienced a great development and also Chinese President Xi Jinping has proposed the Silk Road economic belt initiative last year. And Afghanistan was on Silk Road thousands of years ago. What is your expectation about future cooperation between Afghanistan and China and what areas it should be developed between the two countries?         

President Karzai:

Well this is very important. I am very happy to say that, indeed, in the past 12 years, during my tenure, my government, the relations between China and Afghanistan developed massively into a strategic partnership, into a deep cooperation for both with regard to issues in this region and also issues internationally. Between China and Afghanistan, we have some areas of interest that are of significance to both countries. The war against terrorism, stability in this region, economic cooperation in this region, in addition to all other areas of cooperation that the two countries have bilaterally and regionally.

Now, the idea by president Xi of the Silk Road is important historically and relevant to the current environment and to the current economic needs of this region. More importantly for the Afghanistan, it is of significance, because we want to be directly connected to China, China and Afghanistan havea border, and we can be connected by road and by other means of transportation- That’s what Afghanistan is working on. So indeed, the expansion of the Silk Road or the recreation and reactivation of the Silk Road through China and then the connectivity between Afghanistan and China in this regard is of a high value to us.

Correspondent:

Now, I want to ask you a question which is focused by all the world right now. As you know that the BSA is a hot issue recently. My question is do you think the signing of BSA is crucial for Afghanistan, and why, and there is a rumor that you might sign the BSA at the last moments of you presidency. Is that true or not?

President Karzai:

That’s not true. That’s not true. The BSA with the United States of America if it guarantees peace in Afghanistan, if it guarantees a true, a real fight against terrorism- a genuine fight against terrorism, then it’s good for Afghanistan and for the region. But if it does not bring peace to Afghanistan and if the war on terrorism continues to be done in a manner as it is done today, without results for all of us and with continuing bloodshed of the innocent people in Afghanistan and the region. Then the signing of the BSA will be of no interest to Afghanistan. And that’s why; I have conditioned the singing of the BSA, to peace in Afghanistan and to stability in this region.

Correspondent:

Mr. President, as we all know that, looking back on your 10-year presidency, the Afghan-U.S. relations has experienced ups and downs, sometimes very good and sometimes not so good. And my question is how do you see the role the U.S. had played in Afghanistan’s reconstruction in the past 13 years?

President Karzai:

Well, relations between Afghanistan and the United States began to suffer in a public way from 2007, 2008 onwards, and mainly, mainly, because of the manner in which the so-called war on terror was conducted and in Afghan soil. We believed that the United States and its allies and NATO must conduct the war on terror where the sanctuaries are, where the terrorist training grounds are, where the financial resources to terrorism are.

That the war on terror is not in Afghan villages or in the bombardment or injuring or killing of Afghan families and children, people and in the arrest of the Afghan people. That it is not there.

Therefore, this decline in relations, this tension in our relations began in public in 2007, from 2007 to 2008 until today.   
Where the reconstruction of Afghanistan is concerned, in areas where the United States and other countries have helped in the reconstruction of Afghanistan, where that has been of benefit to Afghanistan, we are grateful, we are thankful, we are thankful for the U.S. taxpayers’ money. They are hardworking people. That has been spent in Afghanistan and the Afghan people are grateful for the reconstruction in Afghanistan and where that reconstruction has been truly in the interest of Afghanistan and for Afghanistan.

Correspondent:

Nowadays, the presidential election in Afghanistan is a hot issue, which is concerned worldwide. And we know that some of the candidates like Dr. Ashraf Ghani and Dr. Rassoul had both served in your government, and well Dr. Abdullah Abdullah was your opponent during last elections. My question is how do you see the advantages and disadvantages of each of them? And do you have any expectations for the elections?   
   
President Karzai:

Well, elections will take place on the fifth of April, just about 10 days from today, and take place definitely, and the Afghan people will come out and vote for the next president of Afghanistan, and that’s good for the Afghanistan.   

As for the candidates, all the candidates are respected Afghans and I wish them all the best.

Correspondent:

Do you have any expectations for the election and do you have any expectations for the upcoming new president of Afghanistan?

President Karzai:

Well, for my expectations of the elections is that it will produce a clear result that the elections will be, will have proper participation of the Afghan people. The next government will come with the mandate of the Afghan people so to be able to serve the best interest of Afghanistan.

Form the candidates, my expectations, is the same like all other Afghans, the same expectation that people had of me, we all will have of the next president of Afghanistan to serve the country in the best possible way.

Correspondent:

I know that, there are so many books about you in the market, now, since you are going to leave office in weeks, if you want to write a book about your autobiography or your presidency, what are you going to write about?  What do you think is the important points like the happiness, sadness, success and even failure?

Surely, there is a lot that I have to write about, and if I write a book, it will have good stories, happy stories and sad stories, it will also have bad stories in it, it will have successes and failures, but in my view, the greatest success of Afghanistan in the past 10 years has been that Afghanistan once again became the home of all Afghans, the home for all Afghans. The unity of Afghanistan and the progress that we have achieved, and then the education and the literacy rates going higher and better economy, all of those things, for which we are grateful to all those countries which have helped us.

Now, I can assure you on one thing that if I write a book, China will be a prominent part of that book, in a very good way; it’s been a steady friend and a very wise friend.  That’s very important.

Correspondent:

And also I noticed that some of the books about you are sold in China, and a lot of costumers love this kind of books about you.

President Karzai:

I am glad that’s the case.

Correspondent:

I hope in the future, we can read more excellent books about you.

President Karzai:

Yes, I hope someone can write a book with all the truth about Afghanistan and myself, and I hope that I can also get to put my whole words in order in a book.

Correspondent:

We know that when you are serving as the president of Afghanistan, that is the public image of you. And also I am sure that your family must have undergone a lot of pressure, when you are serving as the President. We want to know what kind of role; do you play at home during your presidency? And after your presidency, how will you protect your family? And what are you going to do after your retirement?

President Karzai:

Well, I will be an ex-president of Afghanistan, and a citizen of Afghanistan, I will continue my life as such and will have, of course, more time to be socially active with my family and friends, and relatives and with the Afghan people. My family has had good protection and my family will continue to have good protection into the future as well. So, that is no worry.  

Correspondent:

I noticed that you are humorous and an open kind of person, my question is do you really have some time along yourself every day?

President Karzai:

Not really much, not really much, not really much. But surely, under any circumstances, people in my position, individuals in my position will have time, personal time as well, so, it has not been much in my case but in a few, in a few days time, we will have the Afghan elections, and in less than two months, the next president will be here, so I will have more time, more personal time.

Correspondent:

We have learned that some of your family members had been assassinated by the Taliban. We are sorry about that. However, you are still working on the national reconciliation and keep on persuading the Taliban to join the peace process, and you even call them as your brothers, despite that the Taliban has rejected your call several times. Do you regret for not reaching the reconciliation with the Taliban during your term in office? As the president of Afghanistan, how do you see Taliban’s role in the national peace process?

President Karzai:

Yes, Taliban have killed my father and my brother, and so many other Afghans, so many other Afghans. Those Taliban who are Afghans, who are seeking peace, who are also suffering like the rest of Afghanistan is suffering, they are Afghan citizens, then Afghan citizens are our brothers. We are seeking peace with them, I am seeking peace with them, this country cannot be in war forever, this country needs to have peace, therefore, peace is an absolute first necessity of life, no society can live in war forever, and shouldn't live in war forever. Therefore, it is my effort, it will continue to be my effort, I will be available also as the citizen of Afghanistan for the pursuit of peace and will be working honestly for it. As it is a human need, and a necessity as I said before. Therefore, I will continue to work for peace, I wish I could have brought complete peace to Afghanistan during my tenure but I am sure as we move forward to the next government. They will also continue to work for peace, and certainly, one day sooner rather than later, Afghanistan will have peace.

Correspondent:

Thank you very much, thank you very much for taking your time for our interview. We sincerely wish prosperity and peace to the Afghan people and Afghanistan as a country. We hope, we want regard and best wishes to you and your family and we hope, in the future you have more chances to go to China to visit.  

President Karzai:

Sure, my message to the people of China is a message of tremendous goodwill from the Afghan people and gratitude from the Afghan people.

And the Chinese people have been good to us, and good neighbor to us, and to President Xi Jinping that his idea of the Silk Road is excellent for the region, for the larger region, and especially for Afghanistan and for China. And the next government of Afghanistan, the next president of Afghanistan will surely be equally or even more in pursuit of stronger ties with China.
Correspondent:

Thank you.

President Karzai:

Thank you sir, good to talk to you.

All the best, most welcome!
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地板
发表于 2014-6-11 14:16:34 | 只看该作者
13亿人民13亿双脚, 可是只有几个人在说话。大部分穿的什么鞋?你懂的
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