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感恩節快樂!請欣賞「新地:李叔同“送別”譯評」

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发表于 2016-11-23 06:50:47 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
請欣賞「新地:李叔同“送別”譯評」

李叔同作於一九一四年的《送別》詞,作為古詩詞的迴光返照,實古詩詞將終之際的絕唱。

李叔同作《送別》詞時,年僅三十五歲。
人生閱歷已使他顯得十分傷懷。

這首詞共八行,用了六個平聲韻。韻趣顯得悠悠不盡,婉約舒緩。用“長亭”、“古道”、“芳草”烘托送别场景,加之晩風習習,楊柳依依,牧笛遠去,夕陽歸山。“濁酒”、“寒夢”,惜别感伤,心情惆怅,更隐含着生命行将落幕之际对人世的失望与留恋。心之落寞,情之哀涼,悲欣交集,低迴不去,為人吟唱感懷,百年以來傳世不絕。

中國詩詞非常重視形式美。聲之抑揚頓挫,韻之循迴往復;對杖工整平穩,長短錯落有致,虛實宛轉,跌宕起伏。加之字形表意的視覺印象,使得聲韻已去而意猶未盡。而詞情意境又在言外,其隱喻內涵常只能意會難以言傳。
要聲情並重,“信”於原意,“逹”以傳神,“雅”至風骨俱存地翻譯為異國多音節的拼音文字殊為不易。同樣地要把拼音文字的朗朗音節、雋永、簡約的佳句譯為漢語往往也文趣盡失。
詩詞互譯要盡善美地傳情達意幾乎不太可能。
譯家學養非淺,譯句也常珠聯璧合,但各家譯句依然各有長短。詞句的酌選不易,選詞的難處不在迵異而在微殊,寸有所長,尺有所短,常常顧此即失彼,一字不慎,形神俱損。
在大師的文字面前,要萬千謹慎,勤以䃼拙。

以下是李叔同《送別》原詞:

“長亭外,古道邊,芳草碧連天。
晚風拂柳笛聲殘,夕陽山外山。
天之涯,地之角,知交半零落。
一瓢濁酒盡餘歡,今宵別夢寒。”

以下是各家譯文:

海外逸士譯文:

Outside the resting arbor, beside the ancient thoroughfare;

評:“resting arbor”意歇息的亭子,長亭豈能是亭子,長亭本是驛站,應在城外十里之處。
此乃送別驛站。並非是江南水鄉,梁祝相送,亭榭相連,在亭中執手依依離情不捨。

李叔同這里乃是比興之詞。李白《菩薩蠻》:“玉階空佇立,宿鳥歸飛急,何處是歸程,長亭更短亭。”也是指大小驛站相連,即所謂十里一長亭,五里一短亭,古代沿驛傳送,有十里一快馬,五里一加鞭之說。

The fragrant grass so green, stretching to meet the sky afar.

評:“fragrant grass” 意有香味的草,熏衣草?芳草此譯外人讀之恐為困惑。這裡的芳草指春夏之青草或連綿起伏的青草地。例如“東風輦路,芳草年年發”也決非指“野芳發而幽香”。

The evening breeze brushing the willow, the flute sound lingering;
The setting sun beyond hills and mountains.

At the verge of heaven, at the four corners of the earth,

把“天之涯、地之角”譯為“天之边缘大地四角”,有失妥當,李叔同此語是指各個地方無弗遠近,并不指遙遠的天邊的知交。

My bosom friends are half gone and no longer seen.

With a gourdful of turbid wine, enjoy the last moment of pleasure;

“turbid wine"意為“渾濁的酒”,酒固濁,但直譯為“渾濁的酒”,恐怕也令英語閱讀者不解。“莫笑農家腊酒渾,豐年留客足雞豚”,濁酒,農家酒也,非精制酒。“濁酒一杯家萬里”,《三國演義》:“一杯濁酒喜相逢,古今多少事,都付笑談中”之飲酒背景都在清寒之處,濁酒,廉酒也。用糯米、黃米釀就,色略渾濁。

The parting dream turning cold this very night.

“別夢寒”之“寒”不能翻譯为寒冷(cold),李叔同此“寒”乃空寂落寞之意,“寒”乃暗喻之词。
當然譯文也可以用此暗喻,但要看具體的語境,字面的直譯往往謬之千里。總不能把Milk way (銀河)翻為“迢迢牛奶路”吧?

以下譯文,大同小異,瑕瑜互見,可以类推。不贅評。

齊邦嬡、殷張蘭熙譯文:

Beyond pavilions, beside old paths,
Green grass merging with sky,
As you go, asking when you will return
Returning, do not loiter on the way…
Friends scattered to far corners of the earth
“朋友們散落在遙遠的地角”,非李叔同之意。

Rarely in this life the joy of meeting,
Only too many partings…

此譯與原意相差甚遠了。

無名氏譯文:

Beyond the distant pavilion
Beside the ancient road
Jade green and fragrant, high grass joins the sky
Evening breeze sways dripping willows
Dying flute notes linger still
On the hill behind the hill, the sun sets

To the ends of the earth and corners of the seas
在“地之盡頭和海之角落”,
Half our friends are scattered
我們的朋友半數已散落,

With a scoop of thick wine
Let’s enjoy what joy remains
Tonight’s cold dreams shall be held at bay

無名氏譯文:

Beyond the distant pavilion
Beside the ancient road
Jade green and fragrant, high grass joins the sky

Evening breeze sways dripping willows
Dying flute notes linger still
On the hill behind hill, the sun sets

On the ancient road by the Farewell Pavilion, green grass stretches far into the sky.
With willow trees in evening wind and sounds of a staccato flute, the setting sun silhouettes layers of hills.
In the far distant quarters of heaven and earth, half of my friends are gone.
With a cup of turbid wine to swallow my merriment, I wait for a chilly farewell dream tonight.

句長冗繁,句短則意有所不逮,情釆聲韻無法兩周全。

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